Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Commensal microbiota–coated biohybrid implants induce antibiofilm, osteogenic, and immunomodulatory responses in a human 3D immunocompetent model

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.06.006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Commensal microflora coatings support adhesion and viability of human cells. (A) CLSM images showing the morphology and distribution of gingival fibroblasts, oral keratinocytes, and macrophages after 48 h on glass, Ti, and CHM. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B) Metabolic activity of (a) fibroblasts, (b) keratinocytes, and (c) macrophages after 48 h on the indicated surfaces. Cells were stained with green fluorescent Calcein AM to label viable cells and with red fluorescent propidium iodide (PI) to label nonviable (dead) cells. All experiments were conducted using three biological replicates (N = 3) and three technical replicates per group (n = 3). For CLSM, the biocompatibility assay was imaged at 10× magnification with a voxel size of 1.52 μm (x) × 1.52 μm (y) × 3 μm (z).

Article Snippet: Ti- and CHM-integrated tissues, after coculture under sterile or biofilm-infected conditions, were longitudinally sectioned at the tissue–implant interface and stained with Calcein AM and propidium iodide (Invitrogen, Germany) for 30 min.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining